Another squamate post - Acontias gracilicauda

Photos by Matt Bonnan

No time for an in depth post today, so I'm keeping the squamate theme going with a picture from my archives. This is a legless skink (Acontias gracilicauda)that happened to have made it home directly above an early Jurassic sauropod bone bed. So it had to be relocated. There is a moderate diversity of acontine skinks in southern Africa: they are just one of many lizard lineages, apart from snakes, that have beome completely limbless.

Happiness is a bucket of lizards

One of the aspects of academic life in a small research institute is that you are sometimes called upon to supervise student projects that are outside your normal sphere of research activities. Broadening your experience and knowledge can only be a good thing so I welcome this. It also can provide an outlet of unusual activities that can break the monotony of the usual working week.
I am currently supervising one such project that is proving to be quite entertaining. The project is centred upon the almost entirely neglected herpetofauna that occurs alongside the famous Australopithecus fossils of the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Area.
I found out, much to my surprise, when this project was started that there are no comparative osteological collections of southern african reptiles available in South Africa. So we have had to set about creating one. Fortunately we have been given permission to prepare the skulls of duplicate specimens from the Transvaal Museum collections. I was very pleasantly surprised at the breadth of the taxonomic scope we were supplied with - two specimens of over 40 species from the eastern half of
South Africa. So it was with some excitment that we took consignment of the above pictured and rather full bucket of lizards (Can anyone name the species visible? I'd be impressed if someone managed five or more).
Of course it is the students job to prepare the skulls, but with so many to get through, I've been mucking in and helping with the defleshing, which is surprising satisfying work, especially when you finish with a nice clean skull.

Early Jurassic side-winder - but is it a snake?

Francois Durand's side-winding trace from the Clarens Formation. From Durand (2005.

Discussion about fossil side-winding traces over at Tet Zoo prompted me to get off my butt and actually put something up on this blog.
Its Francois Durand's apparent side-winding trace from the Clarens Formation of South Africa. Not much has been made of this and the only two references to it that I know of are rather obscure so I'm putting it up here to let people know about it.
It certainly looks like a track left by a modern sidewinding viper.



A modern side-winder

Francois made it fairly clear in his presentation of this fossil to the Geoscience Africa conferance back in 2004 that he thought it was made by an Early Jurassic viperid although he only hints at this in the two publications featuring this fossil that I know of. Such an occurence is strongly at odds with the known fossil record of snakes. Even the most primitive snakes don't show up until the Cretaceous, and advanced snakes like viperids don't start radiating until well in the Cenozoic, thus to have a Jurassic Viperid means that just about all tradtional family level clades of snakes have massive ghost lineages stretching back tens of millions of years. The fossil record can be spotty but it ain't THAT bad.
My take is that sidewinding habit may have evolved sporadically from time to time in all sorts of elongate limb-reduced tetrapods when the conditions warranted it. The whole discussion started over the possible sidewinding traces from a Permian, wet muddy, if not aquatic environment that I had a hand in describing.If correctly interpreted sidewinding need not be restrited to dry loose sand, wet sloppy mud might be just as capable of supporting it.
So what was elongate sidewinding tetrapod of the Clarens? We haven't a clue.

references

Durand, J.F. 2004. The origin of snakes. Geoscience Africa 2004. Abstract Volume, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, pp. 187.

Durand, J.F. 2005. Major African contributions to Palaeozoic and Mesozoic
vertebrate palaeontology. Journal of African Earth Sciences 43: 53-82.

So how did it go?

The interview turned out to be quite long after all, and rather enjoyable, although these type of things always make me nervous. We were a panel of three: a catholic preist (whose name I didn't catch due to my hyped up state before the interview)and Jens Franzen, the lead author on the Darwinius paper. Straight off the bat the religious aspect was deflated by the priest stating categorically that the church accepted evolution as the correct mechanistic explanation for the diversity of life and that this was an unguided naturalistic process (I must admit I was surprised to hear a member of the clergy accepting an unguided evolutionary process), as long as god was the creator of the whole show. I was then asked whether or not Darwinius was 'the missing link' urggh! So I attacked the idea of 'missing links' as a valuable concept at all and explained that Darwinius was a primate, like us, but simultaneously quite ancient and distant from us as far as primates go. Towards the end of my little speech I mentioned that its real significance was that it may have been a bit more closely related to anthropoids (monkeys, apes and humans) than to lemurs and thus may have been a very early member of the haplorhine branch of the primate family tree. I was quite equivocal about wether this was a firmly established scientific case. This may have antagonised Jens Franzen a little who went into quite a long discussion about why it was a haplorhine and not a lemur relative. The interview was rapidly in danger of becoming much like a technical question and answer session at a palaeontological conference (mores the pity that it didn't) so the topic was changed and Jens was asked many things about the discovery of Darwinius and its dating. This part of the interview was very informative. Of course the produces wanted more of the religion angle so we were asked our opinion of 'intelligent design'. The prist denounced it saying that it required an intervenionist god to create each lifeform sepparately which is flatly at odds with the evidence. I joined in with some fairly scathing remarks along the lines that it was a scam cooked up by the young earth creationists to get their particular narrow literal biblical interpretation taught as science in American schools. It of course isn't science and it failed in court.
And that is about it. I was told afterwards by several people that I came across clearly and confidently - which is great because I certainly didn't feel it.

UPDATE. Yes there is an MP3, you can download it from here.
I need to say three things here. 1) The preist was Father Anthony Egan - my apologies for not remembering.
2) My voice is not so clear, probably because I was on a cell phone at home.
3) the faint cries heard in the background was Matthew, who decided he wanted milk urgently, sometime during the middle of the interview.

Radio Interview

For those of you in South Africa* - I'll be interviewed on classic FM at 7.30 tonight. Apparently they want a palaeontologist's opinion on the religious implications of Ida, the new fossil primate that everyones all het up about. Religious implications?! There AREN'T ANY! Should be a short interview.

*huh! who am I trying to kid, I'm sure I have no readers left at all after the long dark silence that has descended over my blog

Organisms I Hate: Khaki Bush

Allow me to vent my spleen a little. Although I revel in biodiversity and am fascinated by so many orgnaisms there are some I just plain hate. This is one of them. Khaki bush/mexican marigold (Tagetes minuta)- an unpleasant stinking weed that grows profusely where-ever I need to do field work in South Africa. These tenaciously sticky seeds come off from the seed heads at the slightest touch and embed themselves in any form of clothing. After walking through a field of these you can end up looking like you are covered in black spiky fur.

This was what I bought me out into the field over the weekend - a partial dinosaur skeleton from an odd mudstone lens way up in the Clarens Formation, where dinosaurs are rare. Somewhat disappointingly it turned out to be just another basal sauropodomorph. Oh well.

Congratulations to Celeste

Hi everyone. You've almost certainly noticed that posts on Dracovenator have slowed to the merest trickle. Thats because I find it hard to balance my activities: when Dracovenator was chugging ahead, other work fell behind. Right now I'm getting stuck into my to-do pile of unfinished manuscripts (which I must say I'm enjoying again after a slump following a few rejections) and consequently I don't seem to be able to find the time to write blog posts.
The purpose of this one is three fold: 1) keep Draco ticking over, 2) give a big shout out to my wife Celeste, and 3) mercilessly tease you all.
OK so why the congratulations to Celeste? Her preparation skills have risen remarkably rapidly since she first volunteered for me just a couple of years ago (this was the first time she had ever even touched a fossil). So much so, she has now been given the responsibility of prepping an extremely important fossil here at Wits. This one is BIG folks, and you will probably be seeing its image sometime before the end of the year, or early next year (probably on the front cover of Science or Nature - so I'm told). Its not my fossil or even my field, so it would be utterly wrong of me to give anything away - hence the immense tease and the picture of Celeste proudly posing next to a blank space.